Ok, so the title of this post is a tad deceptive: Sigmund Freud’s talking cure never went entirely to the dogs. (Update: And, as has been called to my attention, it’s also a tad confusing: this post has nothing to do with curing barking in dogs.) But the father of psychoanalysis’s close relationship with the canines in his household did carry through to his practice — and to that of his daughter, Anna.
In Part 1 of this series, I explored Freud’s late life case of puppy love. Here I discuss the impact his bond with dogs had on his treatment sessions.
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The Freud Family Dogs
First, a disclaimer: I have no primary sources for this story; it comes from Allan Showalter — aka Dr.HGuy — who heard it from his teacher, Roy Grinker Sr. Grinker was analyzed by Freud from 1933 to 1935 and founded the psychiatry program at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago.
According to Showalter in Freud and His Damn Dog:
Freud and his daughter, Anna (also an analyst), both kept dogs (Freud had a chow named Yofi and Anna had a giant wolfhound) that had the run of the offices and shared waiting room. Both dogs would start barking whenever anyone rang the doorbell. The wolfhound… would immediately start sniffing Grinker’s genitals. Grinker reported that, as a consequence, he always entered Freud’s office ‘with a high level of castration anxiety.’
Further:
At Freud’s seminar, the wolfhound once lay next to [Grinker] and barked, causing Anna Freud to tell him that the dog was ‘perfectly safe.’ After a pause, she went on to point out that, of course, when the dog was younger, he had a habit of eviscerating sheep. Then she repeated that now he was perfectly safe. Finally, she advised Grinker to pull his tail to make him stop barking. Grinker opted not to follow that suggestion.
I’m a little dubious.
The barking — sure. What dog doesn’t bark when people come through the door? The genital sniffing is not uncommon either. One thing that makes me suspicious about this description, however, is that Anna Freud’s dog is described as a “wolfhound.” As I mentioned in my last post, Anna’s dog, beloved by her father, was a German Shepherd named Wolf; you can see his photo hanging in Freud’s office. So we’re starting with a likely case of mistaken identity. And if Anna did make the sheep joke, it doesn’t sound like a convincing one: where would an urban Viennese dog get a chance to disembowel sheep?
Still, it’s a funny story.
Freud’s Canine Timekeeper
The notion that Freud kept Yofi with him in the office while he was seeing patients has several sources.
According to the London Guardian:
Analysis became wearisome for Freud as [his jaw] cancer took its toll but Jofi sat with him, a patient listener but one with an eye on the clock, signalling the end of every session with copious yawning and stretching, never allowing Freud to exceed the statutory hour by even a minute.
Stanley Coren, a psychologist who writes often about dog behavior and intelligence, says in an excerpt from What Do Dogs Know:
Freud felt that dogs had a special sense that allows them to judge a person’s character accurately. For this reason his favorite chow-chow, Jofi, attended all of his therapy sessions; Freud admitted that he often depended upon Jofi for an assessment of the patient’s mental state. He also felt that the presence of the dog seemed to have a calming influence on all patients, particularly children.
More recent studies have shown that Freud was correct. Physiological measures show that petting a calm and friendly dog actually reduces stress (as shown by reduced muscle tension, more regular breathing and a slower heart rate). There is even some evidence that people who own dogs are likely to live longer and require less medical attention.
Freud’s dog Jofi would alert him to any stress or tension in a patient by where he lay down during the session. He lay relatively close to calm patients, but would stay across the room if the patient was tense. Jofi also helped the great psychoanalyst determine when a therapy session was finished by unfailingly getting up and moving toward the office door when the hour was up
And from Grinker via Showalter again:
Yofi…would sit alongside Grinker’s couch and, as dogs are wont to do, eventually scratch at the door to be let out. Freud would let the dog out, and, on his return to his chair, note that Yofi hadn’t thought much of what Grinker had been talking about. When the dog would later scratch to get back in the office, Freud would comment that Yofi had decided to give Grinker another chance.
In another episode, Grinker was emoting with intensity when, as Grinker explained it, “The damn dog jumped on top of me.” Freud immediately responded — by commenting that Yofi was excited that Grinker had discovered the roots of his anxiety. During this interpretation, Grinker, by his own report, lay quietly with eyes closed, as one is taught to do when, for example, attacked by wild bears.
So as not to spread misinformation here: According to How to Survive a Bear Attack, that is only accurate if you encounter a grizzly bear. An attack by a black bear, in contrast, “means it wants to EAT you. If you were to ‘play dead’ in this situation you would look up to find the bear happily feasting away on some very important body part that you, no doubt, are very fond of. The best defense with a black bear is to go on the offensive. Fight for your life!”
Perhaps Freud would have preferred a bit more spunk in his patient too.
Coming next: Dogs in Freud’s final years.
Great entry. I had not read much on Freud and his use of dogs. Looking forward to the next entry.
Thank you — and thanks for coming by!
this is hilarious! I think I’ll forward it to a therapist I know who has a German Shepherd, but as far as I know, hasn’t brought it to work…yet
recent post: The Warrior Returns Welcome Home and slide show http://www.examiner.com/judaism-in-albuquerque/welcome-home-the-warrior-returns
Let me know what she — or he — says!
Love it. Love it. Loving this series fond as I am of dogs and psychology. I’m sure there’s lots of lore about Freud and his dogs, some true, some stretched truth and some just plain made up. No matter. I wish my shrink had had a dog as a co-therapist. I’m sure I would have progressed faster and spent less money on years of therapy sessions. But then again, I might have found the combination of pouring out my soul to my attentive therapist AND and her dog so comforting and enjoyable that I might still be seeking out weekly sessions.
Thanks, Deborah. Now I’m wondering if I would have gotten a dog many years earlier and given up therapy, had my therapist introduced a dog into our sessions!
such an interesting take on our life with dogs and how they serve us and our friends/clients. am looking forward to the next installment; are you planning a book?
Glad you’re enjoying it Roberta. Hmmmm….I’d been planning to write a book about my family history, but maybe this should come first!
If only all therapists thought to have dogs hanging out in their offices! While it wouldn’t work for all patients, this Grinker clearly had some sort of canine phobia going on, it would do wonders to help many relax. My one very brief stint at a therapists was incredibly stressful, which is one of the reasons I never went again.
I am no fan of Freuds but he was definitely a fascinating man.
I was telling a retired psychologist that I run into on my dog walks about Freud and his dogs and he told me that he always used to bring his dog into group sessions, and this worked particularly well with children.
It’s funny – because Freud attributed human thoughts and emotions to his dog, I feel a little less crazy for doing it. =)
That *is* funny!
I don’t know where I have got the idea from that Freud was a very formal – even cold – person. Having his dogs as a part of his practice and even participating in sessions where he even makes typical dog owner (humorous) excuses for their behavior suggests he was probably not. I wonder what happened with the patients that did pull the wolfhound’s tail though 🙂
I imagine Freud probably had some typical Teutonic doctor imperiousness, and I know that,in the last decade, it was painful for him to talk so that probably added to the impression of formality.
As I read more about Freud and his family — and especially their dogs! — I’m changing my initial impressions too. I’m imagining him to be a bit like my father, who had a dry sense of humor. Of course I wonder what Freud would have to say about thinking of him as my father!
Very nice. Very nice. I never knew about Freud’s dogs and how he loves his Jofi. Well, thanks for sharing. I’m sure to watch out for this article’s continuation. Good job!
Great, didn’t know this about Freud!
What serendipity it was, that after reading an article on Christie Keith’s blog, I found a link to yours.
Here’s what I’ve been writing about Freudian dog training at PsychologyToday.com for some time.
Sigmund Freud and the Art of Dog Training: Part I
Sigmund Freud and the Art of Dog Training: Part II
Why Some Stray Dogs Have Joined the Greek Riots
Why Dogs Pull on the Leash: Canine Cathexis, Chemistry, and the Joy of Sex
As they say, great minds think alike!
Yours,
LCK
Natural Dog Training in New York City
My Psychology Today Blog
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Ha! Thanks for writing. As it happens, I found your articles on Psychology Today and was going to include references to them later on in my series. But for some reason the links you provided don’t work. Could you try again?
Thanks!
Thanks!
Feel free to do so.
And feel free to delete my second attempt at providing links to some of my articles.
I’m going to bookmark your blog and plan to read it regularly.
Thank Christie for me!
LCK
The second attempt to provide links didn’t work but I’ll provide my own, since this is Freud Central on your blog: http://www.leecharleskelley.com/servicesphilosophy/neofreudiandogtraining.html
I appreciate your support!